S: (n) West Germany, Federal Republic of Germany (a republic in north central Europe on the North Sea; established in 1949 from the zones of Germany occupied by the British and French and Americans after the German defeat; reunified with East Germany in 1990)
S: (n) Italy, Italian Republic, Italia (a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD)
S: (n) Yugoslavia (a former country of southeastern Europe bordering the Adriatic Sea; formed in 1918 and named Yugoslavia in 1929; controlled by Marshal Tito as a communist state until his death in 1980) "Tito's Yugoslavia included Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro"
S: (n) Croatia, Republic of Croatia, Hrvatska (a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991)
S: (n) Slovenia, Republic of Slovenia, Slovenija (a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991)
S: (n) Austria, Republic of Austria, Oesterreich (a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century)
S: (n) Flanders (a medieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands)
S: (n) Belgium, Kingdom of Belgium, Belgique (a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
S: (n) Scotland (one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts)
S: (n) Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxemburg (a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany; an international financial center)
S: (n) Portugal, Portuguese Republic (a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil))
S: (n) San Marino, Republic of San Marino (the smallest republic in the world; the oldest independent country in Europe (achieved independence in 301); located in the Apennines and completely surrounded by Italy)
S: (n) Holy See, The Holy See, State of the Vatican City (the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929)