S: (n) fractal geometry ((mathematics) the geometry of fractals) "Benoit Mandelbrot pioneered fractal geometry"
S: (n) non-Euclidean geometry ((mathematics) geometry based on axioms different from Euclid's) "non-Euclidean geometries discard or replace one or more of the Euclidean axioms"
S: (n) hyperbolic geometry ((mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel axiom is replaced by the assumption that through any point in a plane there are two or more lines that do not intersect a given line in the plane) "Karl Gauss pioneered hyperbolic geometry"
S: (n) elliptic geometry, Riemannian geometry ((mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry that regards space as like a sphere and a line as like a great circle) "Bernhard Riemann pioneered elliptic geometry"